Review Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia

Received: 9 September 2023     Accepted: 25 September 2023     Published: 18 December 2023
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This article had reviewed several research papers and collected information and tracked up. The review revealed that most of the dairy men have the perception that bad quality milk affects the health wellbeing of human (consumers). But the main problem concerned with the hygienic practice is that there is no standard (clear cut point) to be followed by the smallholder dairy producers. The producers do right what they perceive correct enough to keep the quality like washing their hand before milking without detergents and sanitizers. There were differences in hand washing, with some people not washing their hands. There was a difference between breast hygiene practices, drying and sterilization. Most respondents use traditionally made equipment for milking and storage in rural Ethiopia, while they use little plastic or stainless steel in areas around cities and towns. This review found also that the smallholder in most parts of the country do no sterilize the milk utensils even they do not wash. But in some cases they use their indigenous knowledge like fumigation and smoking. Generally, the hygiene standards and quality of milk in Ethiopia are low, resulting in high microbial levels in the milk. Given these facts, the sector needs to intervene in awareness and training, both in the short term and, if possible, in the long term.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12
Page(s) 100-104
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Handling, Hygiene, Milk, Microbial, Practice, Quality

References
[1] Mehari, T. (1998). Thermoduric and Psychrophllic bacteria from raw milk. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, MSc Thesis.
[2] O‟Mahoney F (1988). Rural dairy technology-Experiences in Ethiopia. ILCA Manual No. 4. Dairy Technology Unit. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp 64.
[3] Curry A. 2013. Archaeology: the milk revolution. Nature 500: 20-2.
[4] Alganesh T, Ofodile LN, Fekadu B, 2002. Microbial Quality and Chemical composition of Raw Whole Milk from Horro Cattle in East Wollega, Ethiopia.
[5] Lemma Fita, 2004. Assessment of Butter Quality and Butter Making Efficiency of new churns compared to small holders’ Butter Making Techniques in East Shoa of oromia, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
[6] Bashir Abdifatah Mohamed1 and Ahmed Ali Farah (2018). Assessment of Bacteriological Quality Major Bacterial Pathogens and Handling Practices of Raw Camel Milk in Ab’ala Woreda of Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia. International journal of current research and academic review 10(6).
[7] Quigley L, O'Sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, et al. (2013) Нe complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37: 664-698.
[8] Swai ES, Schoonman L. 2011. Microbial quality and associated health risks of raw milk marketed in the Tanga region of Tanzania. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 1: 217-222.
[9] Zelalem Y (2003). Sanitary Conditions and microbial qualities of dairy products in urban and peri-urban dairy shed of the central Ethiopia. DEA. Lyon, France.
[10] Yeserah B, Tassew T, Mazengia H (2020) Handling Practices of Raw Cow’s Milk and Major Constraints of Clean Milk Production in and around Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. J Adv Dairy Res 8: 234. doi: 10.35248/2329-888X.19.8.2.234.
[11] Kibebew B, Mitiku E, and Firew K. 2020. Hygienic Production Practices and Microbial Quality of Cow Milk in Cheha District of Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2020, 10, 592-607.
[12] Kurwijila, L. R. 2006. Hygienic milk handling, processing and marketing: reference guide for training and certifi cation of small-scale milk traders in Eastern Africa. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya, 2006, 1: 23-26.
[13] Kebede Amenu, Barbara Wieland, Barbara Szonyi and Delia Grace (2019). Milk handling practices and consumption behaviour among Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 38: 6.
[14] Fernandes R, (2009). Microbiology handbook: dairy products. Surrey: Leatherhead Food International Ltd; 2009.
[15] Godefay B, Molla B (2000). Bacteriological quality of raw milk from four dairy farms and milk collection center in and around Addis Ababa. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 113(7-8): 276-278.
[16] Codex, 1999. General standard for the use of dairy terms (codex san 206-1999). Curry, A. (2013). Archaeology: The milk revolution. Nature, 500, 20–22.
[17] Othman, R. M., Abdul Alwahid, A. T. and Japer, N. N. 2008. The Microbiological Quality of Some Raw Milk Products. Bas. J. Vet. Res., 7.
[18] Chatterjee, S. N., Bhattacharjee, I., Chatterjee, S. K.., and Chandra, G. 2006. Microbiological examination of milk in Tarakeswar, India with special reference to coliforms. Afr. J. Biotechnology, 5: 1383-1385.
[19] Ali A. A. and Abdelgadir, W. S. 2011. Incidence of Escherichia coli in raw cow's milk in Khartoum state. Br. J. Dairy. Sci., 2: 23-26.
[20] Lubote, R., Shahada, F. and Matemu, A. (2014). Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in raw milk value chain in Arusha, Tanzania. American Journal of Research Communication 2(9): 1–13.
[21] Mitiku Eshetu Guya, Mulu Mamo Adugna & Yesihak Yusuf Mumed (2019). Milk Production, Marketing and Quality in Meta District of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science 11(5) 2019.
[22] Negash F., Tadesse E. and Woldu T. 2012. Microbial quality and chemical composition of raw milkin the MidRift Valley of Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 7(29): 4167-4170. http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article138088421
[23] Adugna C, Eshetu M (2021) Hygienic practice, microbial quality and physco-chemical properties of milk collected from farmers and market chains in Eastern Wollega zone of Sibu Sire districts, Ethiopia. J Agric Sc Food Technol 7(1): 125-132.
[24] Alelign Alemu Demmelash, Biruk Demissie Melese, Fitalew Tadele Admasu, Eniyew Tegegne Bayih, and Getachew Yideg Yitbarek (2020). Hygienic Practice during Complementary Feeding and Associated Factors among Mothers of Children Aged 6–24 Months in Bahir Dar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Journal of environmental and public health.
[25] Amistu Kuma, Melese Abdisa & Degefa Tolossa (2015). Evaluation of Hygienic Status and Marketing System of Raw Cow Milk in Different Critical Points of Oromia Special Zone. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 15 (4): 1.
[26] Deginet Hailemeskel (2020). Production, Handling, Traditional Processing Practices and Quality of Milk in Kembata Tembaro Zone Milk Shed Area, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology. 4(2), pp. 33-49.
[27] Edget Abayneh, Minale Getachew, Wasihun Seyoum and Ephram Tora (2020). “Knowledge; Hygienic Practice among Milk and Cottage Cheese Handlers in Districts of Gamo and Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 2.7 (2020): 45-55.
[28] Haftom Yemane and Amanuel Teklehaymanot Mahari (2016). Cow Milk Handling Practices and Factors Contributing to Quality Deterioration in Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management (48) 2016.
[29] Karuga, S. (2009) Draft Report on Dairy Chain Analysis, Timau Milk Shed. Micro Enterprise Support Program Trust.
[30] Murphy, S. C. (1996) Sources and Causes of High Bacteria Count in Raw Milk: An Abbreviated Review. Cornell University, Ithaca, 1-4.
[31] Oumer E, Tsegaye S, Damtew A, Feleke A (2017) Hygienic Practices and Bacteriological Quality of Cow Raw Milk from Selected Smallholder Dairy Farms of Mersa Town, North Wollo, Ethiopia. Eur Exp Biol. Vol. 7 No. 4: 22.
[32] Senay Gebre Gebremedhin, Shemlash Engdaw Mequnnent and Arega Anullo Gichamo (2020) Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices of people about milk quality and common zoonotic diseases in small holder dairy production chain in selected sites of southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 7(8).
[33] Shewangzaw Addisu1, Ahmed Muhammed and Nunu Haile (2016). Handling, Processing and Utilization of Milk and Its Products in Gondar Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine 6(6) 120-126.
[34] Tadele Amentie, Mitiku Eshetu, Yoseph Mekasha and Ameha Kebede (2016). Milk postharvest handling practices across the supply chain in Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research 5(2) 112-126.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Teshome Aleli, A. (2023). Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 9(4), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Teshome Aleli, A. Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia. J. Health Environ. Res. 2023, 9(4), 100-104. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Teshome Aleli A. Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia. J Health Environ Res. 2023;9(4):100-104. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12,
      author = {Abera Teshome Aleli},
      title = {Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia},
      journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
      volume = {9},
      number = {4},
      pages = {100-104},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20230904.12},
      abstract = {This article had reviewed several research papers and collected information and tracked up. The review revealed that most of the dairy men have the perception that bad quality milk affects the health wellbeing of human (consumers). But the main problem concerned with the hygienic practice is that there is no standard (clear cut point) to be followed by the smallholder dairy producers. The producers do right what they perceive correct enough to keep the quality like washing their hand before milking without detergents and sanitizers. There were differences in hand washing, with some people not washing their hands. There was a difference between breast hygiene practices, drying and sterilization. Most respondents use traditionally made equipment for milking and storage in rural Ethiopia, while they use little plastic or stainless steel in areas around cities and towns. This review found also that the smallholder in most parts of the country do no sterilize the milk utensils even they do not wash. But in some cases they use their indigenous knowledge like fumigation and smoking. Generally, the hygiene standards and quality of milk in Ethiopia are low, resulting in high microbial levels in the milk. Given these facts, the sector needs to intervene in awareness and training, both in the short term and, if possible, in the long term.
    },
     year = {2023}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Milk Handling, Hygienic Practise and Microbial Qualities of Milk in Ethiopia
    AU  - Abera Teshome Aleli
    Y1  - 2023/12/18
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12
    T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    SP  - 100
    EP  - 104
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3592
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20230904.12
    AB  - This article had reviewed several research papers and collected information and tracked up. The review revealed that most of the dairy men have the perception that bad quality milk affects the health wellbeing of human (consumers). But the main problem concerned with the hygienic practice is that there is no standard (clear cut point) to be followed by the smallholder dairy producers. The producers do right what they perceive correct enough to keep the quality like washing their hand before milking without detergents and sanitizers. There were differences in hand washing, with some people not washing their hands. There was a difference between breast hygiene practices, drying and sterilization. Most respondents use traditionally made equipment for milking and storage in rural Ethiopia, while they use little plastic or stainless steel in areas around cities and towns. This review found also that the smallholder in most parts of the country do no sterilize the milk utensils even they do not wash. But in some cases they use their indigenous knowledge like fumigation and smoking. Generally, the hygiene standards and quality of milk in Ethiopia are low, resulting in high microbial levels in the milk. Given these facts, the sector needs to intervene in awareness and training, both in the short term and, if possible, in the long term.
    
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Animal Science, Ambo University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo, Ethiopia

  • Sections